Paralanguage And Proxemics

Paralanguage And Proxemics Paralanguage, It alludes to something that might be communicated intentionally or unwittingly and it incorporates the pitch, volume and now and again sound of discourse. Model: An educator yelling in the wake of giving earlier considerate admonition to an understudy getting out of hand over and over in the school. The volume just as the pitch can be seen changing from low (respectful notice) to high (outrage). Kinesics: Kinesics is the translation of non-verbal communication, for example, outward appearances and motions or, all the more officially, non-verbal conduct identified with development, any piece of the body. Model: A manager moving his head from left to right to his lesser worker taking part in a contention circumstance with a client at the till. Proxemics: It implies the separation between individuals when they are cooperating with one another. Model: Informal correspondence, among companions and friends is normally set apart by lesser separation between them when contrasted with more noteworthy separation between delegates in a proper correspondence. Chronemics: It implies that utilization of time, pausing or stopping and so forth. Chromatics is identified with culture. It incorporates timeliness, ability to pause, and communications. Model: In the business world, people groups are living in western nations and Americans are required to show up to gatherings on schedule and, generally, even early. Then again, Arabs give less inclination to time. Haptics: is the methods by which individuals convey by means of contacting. Contact is a critical sense for people; just as giving data about surfaces and surfaces it is a part of nonverbal correspondence in relational connections, and imperative in passing on physical. Model: A specialist contacting a patients wrist to gauge the heartbeat rate. Oculesics: Oculesics is the investigation of eye to eye connection as a type of non-verbal correspondence. As I would like to think, eye to eye connection is one of the most significant part of nonverbal correspondence. Model: An instructor expects direct eye to eye connection with his understudies during address as a sign of consideration. Condition: A decent situation assumes an extraordinary job to maintain the business. Clearly your own space and condition influence the degree of your solace and your status and encourage the correspondence procedure. Model: Wearing a legitimate uniform at work environment to suit the general condition. ii) How did the utilization of them impact the correspondence? Procedures in the circumstances clarified in influence? Ans: Effects as per the above expressed models: Paralanguage: The impact was the understudy feeling offended and quit doing what the educator didn't needs him to do. Kinesics: The outcome was the lesser worker pulling out of the contention and saying 'sorry' to the client. Proxemics: Close separation interchanges gives a feeling of benevolence though more prominent separation when contrasted with casual correspondence makes a necessary proper condition. Chronemics: An Arab showing up later than expected at a gathering with an American and the American inclination offended therefore. Haptics: The impact is the specialist having the option to evaluate the patient's wellbeing. Oculesics: Effect is the educator having the option to evaluate with respect to who is focusing and who isn't. Condition: The impact is the formation of a moral working environment condition. 2) QUES: Give two instances of when undivided attention abilities were applied in a work/study circumstance to guarantee was viable? In the two examples initially depict the circumstance and state who were included? Ans: Example 1: (business related) When I landed my first position. My director tended to me in the association as a direction program. Me and trough were associated with this circumstance. Trough informed me concerning the historical backdrop of the association, acquainted me with my kindred laborers, tended to me about the activity rules and guidelines. Model 2: (study related) A business big shot tended to us understudies in school sharing his methodologies to progress. He and the understudies were associated with this circumstance. He shared his own background with the understudies and guided them and not to do throughout everyday life. He likewise disclosed to them various techniques to embrace to be fruitful throughout everyday life. (I) Explain what undivided attention aptitudes you utilized in every circumstance and how you utilized them? Ans: Active listening aptitudes utilized: Model 1: I tuned in to my chief with complete consideration while he was clarifying me about my expected set of responsibilities. I additionally utilized strong eye to eye connection and indicated that I was tuning in to the speaker. At that point I asked him inquiries to my questions and my administrator offers me responses and afterward I had the option to expel my inquiries. Model 2: Business big shot tended to us and revealed to us various activities throughout everyday life. We were listening viably to him. We were bringing up issues on his discourse and models and fulfilled ourselves by finding reasonable solutions from that accomplished individual. (ii)Describe what the results were in every circumstance? Ans: Outcomes: Model 1: I had the option to get an amicable domain just as all the solutions to my inquiries and parcel more data in regards to my work so I could carry out my responsibility successfully and proficiently. Model 2: We got a review of what is in store in our life just as tips and achievement mantras to proceed onward the way to progress. 3)Ques: talk with somebody you know has a fulltime or low maintenance employment and discover what they like and aversion about occupation. Utilize a poll with open, close and examining question to get the data required. I took a meeting of my companion who is filling in as a Customer Service (Check out) Manager in WOOLWORTHS RETAIL STORE COUNTDOWN. Prior to beginning the meeting, I explained him that this meeting will be considered as a major aspect of my school task. 1. Depict about yourself? Ans: Myself Manav Sharma I have completed my examination in business L-6. Right now I am working here as a supervisor. 2. For what reason did u pick this field? Ans:Because of my flexible character and great relational abilities. 3. What are your obligations at work? Ans: Preparing lists and taking care of client complaint framework. 4. Is there anything you hate about the activity? Ans: Though I am very happy with my activity aside from two things: At the point when individuals take part in untrustworthy exercises like burglary, taking things and so forth. At the point when individuals are tanked and act up with the staff (ii) In the report offer them proposals on by what method may evacuate any of the abhorrences they may have about the activity. Ans:1) You ought to furnish your security framework with most recent cameras. 2) There ought to be satisfactory security monitors at the store and the staff ought to be encouraged to be progressively without a care in the world. In the event of a warmed contention between the staff and the particular client the case ought to be alluded to a senior official in control. (iii) Obtain composed input from the individual you met on how well you led the meeting and how important or accommodating your criticism of them was? Ans: I MANAV SHARMA am very glad to discuss my activity, obligations, likes and aversion and so on about my work. Having unreservedly talked about my issues, different preferences I likewise invited proposals on the things that I loathed and it is additionally acceptable to take in and gain information from any source conceivable. Subsequent to perusing the recommendations I might want to make reference to that these merit applying to my business related issues and mirror the questioners development and information circle. I think I offered my best and genuine response of my activity and the meeting has been all around directed by the questioner. 4) Ques: Describe the circumstance at work/concentrate in New Zealand where you must be self-assured in haggle with your chief, another partner, client or customer, or somebody in a progressively senior position. 1) Describe the circumstance and who was included? Ans: Having utilized at MASALA RESTAURANT as an assistant, one day I was on work and a client griped my supervisor in regards to the conveyance of an off-base dinner. The case was that he had requested cheddar cold yet the one that was really conveyed was crisp chicken. The individuals included were me and the client. 2) Explain the result you needed? Ans: I needed to ensure that the client is fulfilled at any expense in light of the fact that for us client is the lord. 3) Explain the result the other party needed? Ans: The other party needed what he had initially requested. 4) Explain what steps you took in the arrangement to progress in the direction of your result? Ans: In request to correct the confuse and Compensate with a similar I ensured that the client is made glad and held for the future by giving the genuine arranged dish and gave an inappropriate conveyed dish as a complimentary one to make up for the slip-up in addition to 25% markdown on the following feast in. 5) Explain the result for example regardless of whether you got all you needed, some of it or none of all? Ans: Having made the important restorative move the client was again reestablished and along these lines my principle intention of holding the client was satisfied. 6) Explain the emphaticness strategies you utilized in your exchange? Ans: Firstly, I felt grieved and attempted to quiet him down. Next I attempted to bring the client in the groove again by offering him an arrangement he couldnt deny by giving him the wrongly conveyed dish as a complimentary one just as a 25% markdown on the following feast wherein he saw as a useful one and concurred finally. 7) Use the experience you have picked up from this activity to draw up an activity plan clarifying how you may progress in the direction of further improving your arranging and emphaticness abilities? Ans: 1) Firstly, I have to improve my listening aptitudes with the goal that this won't occur in future. 2) Write the request first on a bit of paper and affirm it twice and afterward put it in the request list. 3) Learn increasingly more from my seniors by approaching them for recommendations from their encounters. 4) Improve my contention taking care of aptitudes by attempting to be quiet and adaptable in each circumstance.

How to Fix the 500 Internal Server Error in WordPress

Interior server blunders in WordPress are the most exceedingly awful (otherwise known as. http mistake 500). They give no genuine data about the issue and are once in a while real server blunders (ie: for the most part your server is working fine).In this article, Ill attempt to comprehend this inner server mistake in WordPress and tell you the best way to dispose of it: The main thing that is sure is that the mistake is brought about by some activity that turned out badly on the sites end. Especially in WordPress case, this can imply that a content that is a piece of a subject or a module accomplished something it shouldnt have done, and now your server has crashed.Dont sweat, however, there are some acceptable solutionsHow to determine 500 inward server errorMost of the time, you can have the 500 interior server mistake unraveled in 6 steps:1. Turn on debuggingWhenever WordPress tosses you a white screen of death or a server blunder, I suggest turning your investigating on. While t his may not fix the issue, it might give you more understanding into whats going on.You can turn troubleshooting on by altering your locales wp-config.php document. Once youve got to this document, scan for WP_DEBUG inside. In the event that you discover it, you ought to have the option to set it to valid. In the event that you dont see it in there, youll need to make it yourself. In any case, toward the day's end, you ought to have a line that resembles this:define( WP_DEBUG, valid );Once spared, reload your site to check whether anything has changed. In the event that youre fortunate, the server mistake may vanish and may be supplanted with an alternate blunder, one that really discloses to you where the issue is.If this is the situation, investigate where the blunder is found. In the event that it is inside a module envelope, debilitate that module, the blunder ought to go away.Even if turning on troubleshooting doesnt give you an incredible outcome, it is a smart thought to leav e it turned on until the issue is settled. It will give you and any designers more understanding into whats going on. Dont neglect to turn investigating off once everything is an alright and youre finished with the maintenance!2. Deactivate all modules and switch themesIf you approach your dashboard, you ought to deactivate all your modules and see whats what. On the off chance that your site loads without the server mistake the issue was with one of your modules. You can turn them on individually to make sense of which one caused the issues.You can likewise change your subject to a default, unaltered WordPress topic like Twenty Fifteen or Twenty Sixteen. In the event that the site loads without the inward server mistake, the issue was inside your theme.Ive seen that many of these blunders are really brought about by modules, so this will be your best bet.3. Check your .htaccess fileThe .htaccess document, in the event that it exists, contains various standards that instruct the ser ver in specific conditions. It is ordinarily utilized for revamping URLs or forestalling access to your site for vindictive intent.Use your FTP supervisor and check in the event that you have a .htaccess document in your WordPress root envelope. You may need to ensure your FTP editorial manager records concealed documents before you do this.If there is a .htaccess record there, cause a reinforcement and afterward to erase all the substance inside, or the entire record. This may expel some significant guidelines, yet on the off chance that the inner server blunder was brought about by a slip-up inside the record, this will reveal to you.If the mistake is presently settled, the issue was with the .htaccess document. Take a stab at reestablishing the document and afterward erasing squares of it. In the event that sooner or later the site begins working, you realize which hinder the issue is in. You can limit it down to a solitary line like this as a rule. You would then be able to evac uate that line or approach your designer or your host for additional assistance.4. Increment your memoryIve never actually run into this issue, however Ive heard that expanding your memory cutoff may assist I with expecting this is a greater amount of an issue in shared situations. To complete this, open your wp-config.php record in the WordPress pull index and quest for WP_MEMORY_LIMIT. On the off chance that it exists, change the incentive to something like 64M. In the event that it doesnt, glue the accompanying line into the file:define('WP_MEMORY_LIMIT', '64M');If this works then youve just explained the issue briefly. Odds are that you have a flawed piece of code some place (which could be an outsider module) that is depleting your assets. In the event that your host has checking accessible, investigate your asset use with different modules on/off to show signs of improvement thought of what is squandering those valuable megabytes.5. Ask your hostThere are a couple of phenomena l issues which can prompt inner server mistakes in WordPress, however now it might be ideal to ask your host. The issue could be a certified server issue, which they can at any rate affirm and they can likewise see things like document consents and other sources.Or, you may very well need to change to a superior host that has servers that are more upgraded to run WordPress locales. This doesnt must be costly. There are has that give you an alright WordPress experience for as meager as $0.8 a month.6. Reinstall WordPressI shouldnt figure this would help much of the time, yet there are some edge situations where a reinstall of WordPress could fix the issue. It might even fix record consent issues along the way.To complete this, I suggest adhering to the manual WordPress Update directions in the WordPress Codex, or ThemeIsles own manual for introducing WordPress.SummaryInternal server mistakes in WordPress are typically not brought about by real server flaws. More often than not, they can be amended generally effectively utilizing the techniques portrayed previously. If all else fails, consistently ask your host, they have definitely more modern instruments than you do to find and fix issues.I consistently suggest turning on investigating while youre working things out and precluding module and subject issues since this is the thing that any help expert would ask your to do first, or they would do it without anyone's help. Instructions to fix the 500 inward server #error in #WordPress ðÿ ¤â€"

Write a Short Story in 7 Easy Steps

Write a Short Story in 7 Easy Steps Whether youre just trying your hand at writing or youve been writing since you learned how to hold a pencil, short stories are an excellent medium. CliffsNotes defines a short story as a fictional work of prose that is shorter in length than a novel. Edgar Allan Poe, in his essay The Philosophy of Composition, said that a short story should be read in one sitting, anywhere from a half hour to two hours. In contemporary fiction, a short story can range from 1,000 to 20,000 words. Because of the shorter length, a short story usually focuses on one plot, one main character (with a few additional minor characters), and one central theme, whereas a novel can tackle multiple plots and themes, with a variety of prominent characters. Short stories also lend themselves more to experimentation â€" that is, using uncommon prose styles or literary devices to tell the story. Such uncommon styles or devices might get tedious, and downright annoying, in a novel, but they may work well in a short st ory.Stories shorter than 1000 words are generally classified as flash fiction or short short stories. Stories that are longer than 20,000 words but dont reach full novel length are referred to as novellas.As a freelance editor, I have edited and revised countless short stories that range from unbearable to delightful. I am going to share some tips with you so you can make yours one of the short stories that stand out as engaging, compelling, and possibly even delightful.Short stories lend themselves more to experimentationâ€"that is, using uncommon prose styles or literary devices to tell the story. Photo by Ana Tavares on Unsplash.Step 1. Identify the focus of your short storyWhen writing a short story, you do not need plot outlines or extensive character profiles like you might when writing a full-length novel. However, you do need to have a clear understanding of your storys meaning. If your short story is character-focused, you need to understand at least one aspect of your char acter and how you will express that aspect to evoke emotion in your reader. If your story focuses on an event, consider the most effective way to translate that event into an experience that resonates with readers. As you start working on your story, keep in mind an important tidbit from Literary Devices: A short story presents one aspect of the life of a character. It could be an incident, an event, a description of a feeling, or even a simple act. A short story can also impact a reader and even inspire them.Step 2. Start writingThis step may sound obvious, but sometimes the hardest part of writing is actually sitting down and writing. Like most writers, you probably go through phases of working on stories in your head, where you play with word choices and try to work out storylines in your mind without actually writing any words on paper. Perhaps you actually make it into your computer chair, but before you start typing, you decide that you should find the perfect font for your st ory, and two hours later you can list the best fonts available in Microsoft Word, but you dont have any actual words written on your document.Writer Anne Lamott has said that debilitating perfectionism prevents many of us from writing, so she advises writers to give themselves permission to write a terrible rough draft. In her bestselling book Bird by Bird: Some Instructions on Life and Writing, Lamott explains, Almost all good writing begins with terrible first efforts. You need to start somewhere. Start by getting somethingâ€"anythingâ€"down on paper. What Ive learned to do when I sit down to work on a [terrible] first draft is to quiet the voices in my head.Embrace Lamotts advice and just start writing. Get your story down on paper or into your computer. Do not worry about making every sentence perfect at this stage; you will address errors during the editing stage.Step 3. Write a compelling beginningNow that you have written the main parts of your story, go back and examine the opening lines. Have you written a compelling hook that makes readers desperate to find out more? If not, spend some time trying to find the most enticing way to introduce readers to your story. The beginning of your story needs to intrigue readers so they dont want to stop reading. Think back to stories that grabbed your attention from the first line, and consider what literary devices those writers used.If you want to look at examples or literary strategies, Thoughtful Learning offers five great strategies (Begin with action or dialogue, Ask a question, Describe the setting, Begin with background information, and Have the main character introduce himself or herself) for writing an enticing opening line. Play around and experiment with a few different openings to see which one feels most natural to you.Step 4. Create a powerful endingFor most writers, it is challenging to write a perfect ending. Life rarely (if ever) has perfect endings, and maybe thats why readers feel so passionat e about reading stories with satisfying endings. Conversely, readers feel swindled if they invest time in reading a short story only to discover an ending that just fizzles out.In a short but invaluable video in which author Kurt Vonnegut provides eight tips on how to write a great short story, Vonnegut advised writers to start as close to the end as possible. Connecting the ending of your short story back to the beginning is an almost surefire way to craft an ending that resonates with readers.If youre still stuck and unsure how to end your story, The Writers Edit discusses six specific types of endings (Resolved Ending, Unresolved Ending, Implied Ending, Twist In The Tail, Tie-Back, and Crystal Ball) that will help you find a way to end your story.Step 5. Read your story out loudYou may think that you can skip this step, but this is a practice that can benefit all writers. As a freelance editor, I find errors every day that writers could have caught if they had taken the time to r ead their work out loud. You may feel foolish, but you can do it in the privacy of your office, bedroom, or even the bathroom, so no one has to know that youre reading aloud to yourself. Reading your story aloud gives you a different perspective so you can notice mistakes and discern if dialogue is forced or unnatural.In a writing tips feature for Go Into the Story, Writer Diana Athill recommended, Read it aloud to yourself because that the only way to be sure the rhythms of the sentence are OK (prose rhythms are too complex and subtle to be thought outâ€"they can be got right only by ear). Even if you think you can create the rhythms silently in your mind, try reading it out loud and see what happens.Prose rhythms are too complex and subtle to be thought outâ€"they can be got right only by ear. Photo by Sylvie Tittel on Unsplash.Step 6. Edit and reviseEditing and revising are essential steps to quality writing. You probably caught some mistakes or eliminated awkward transitions whe n you read your story aloud in the previous step, but now you need to read through it and look for places to revise, shift scenes, or delete them altogether.In a 1984 lecture at Bennington College, novelist and short story writer Bernard Malamud mused, I would write a book, or a short story, at least three timesâ€"once to understand it, the second time to improve the prose, and a third to compel it to say what it still must say. Somewhere I put it this way: first drafts are for learning what ones fiction wants him to say. Revision works with that knowledge to enlarge and enhance an idea, to reform it. Revision is one of the exquisite pleasures of writing. Not all writers find Malamuds exquisite pleasure within revision, but it is an essential part of becoming a better writer.In a November 1973 article for Writers Digest, Stephen King wrote, When your story is ready for rewrite, cut it to the bone. Get rid of every ounce of excess fat. This is going to hurt; revising a story down to the bare essentials is always a little like murdering children, but it must be done. Whether you are a Stephen King fan or not, his prolific success in writing is undeniable, and it must be at least in part because hes willing to kill his darlings and edit until only the meatiest parts remain.Step 7. Ask for feedbackThis step can be humbling because many writers do not want to ask friends or family members to proofread their work. Perhaps it is a matter of pride because you think youre a better writer than your sister, so you dont need her help or opinions, or maybe you are afraid your friends or family members wont like what youve written. Push these worries aside and find some people you trust that you know will give you honest feedback. Letting other people read and comment on your work helps you polish it into the best possible form.After youve solicited feedback from friends or family members, consider hiring an editor to polish your story and identify any inconsistencies or pr oblem areas within the story.Now that you have the resources and a seven-step plan, make a date with yourself and get busy writing!

What Makes An Animal Endothermic

Endothermic animals are those that must generate their own heat to maintain an optimal  body temperature. In ordinary language, these animals are commonly referred to as warm-blooded. The term endotherm comes from the Greek  endon, meaning within, and thermos, which means heat. An animal that is endothermic is categorized as an endotherm, a  group that includes primarily birds and mammals. The other largest group of animals are ectotherms—the so-called cold-blooded animals with bodies that adapt to whatever temperature is present in their surroundings. This group is also very large, including fish, reptiles, amphibians, and invertebrates such as insects.   Seeking to Maintain an Ideal Temperature For endotherms, most of the heat they generate originates in the internal organs. For example, humans generate about two-thirds of their heat in the  thorax (the midsection) with about fifteen percent generated by the brain. Endotherms have a higher rate of metabolism than ectotherms, which requires that they consume more fats and sugars to create the heat they need to survive in cool temperatures. It also means that in cold temperatures they must find means of guarding against heat loss in those portion of their bodies that are primary heat sources. There is a reason why parents scold their children to bundle up with coats and hats in the winter.   All endotherms have an ideal body temperature at which they thrive, and they need to evolve or create various means of maintaining that body temperature. For human beings, the well-known room temperature range of 68 to 72 degrees Fahrenheit is optimal for allowing us to actively work and keep our internal body temperature at or near the normal 98.6 degrees. This slightly lower temperature allows us to work and play without exceeding our ideal body temperature. This  is the reason why very hot summer weather makes us sluggish—it is the bodys natural means of preventing us from overheating. Adaptations for Keeping Warm There are hundreds of adaptations that have evolved in endotherms to allow various species  to survive in a variety of climate conditions.  Most endotherms generally have evolved into creatures covered with some kind of hair or fur to protect against heat loss in cold weather. Or, in the case of humans, they have learned how to create clothing or burn fuels in order to stay warm in cold conditions.   Unique to endotherms is the ability to shiver when cold. This rapid and  rhythmic  contraction of skeletal muscles creates its own source of heat by the physics of  muscles burning energy. Some endotherms that live in cold climates, like polar bears, have developed a complex set of arteries and veins that are lie close to each other. This adaptation allows the warm blood flowing outward from the heart to preheat the colder blood flowing back toward the heart from the extremities. Deep-sea creatures have evolved thick layers of blubber to guard against heat loss.  Ã‚   Tiny birds can survive frigid conditions through the remarkable insulating properties of lightweight feathers and down, and by  specialized heat-exchange mechanisms in their bare legs.   Adaptations for Cooling the Body Most endothermic animals also have means of cooling themselves to keep their body temperatures at optimal levels in hot conditions. Some animals naturally shed much of their thick hair or fur during seasonal warm periods. Many creatures instinctively migrate to cooler regions in summer. In order to cool down when too warm, endotherms may  pant, causing the water to evaporate—resulting in a cooling effect through the thermal physics of water evaporating into vapor. This chemical process results in the release of stored heat energy. The same chemistry is at work when humans and other short-haired mammals sweat—this also cools us through the thermodynamics of evaporation. One theory is that the wings on birds originally developed as organs to dissipate excess heat for early species, which only gradually discovered the advantages of  flight made possible by these feathered fans.  Ã‚   Humans, of course, also have technological means of lowering temperatures to meet their endothermic needs. In fact, a large percentage of our technology over the centuries was developed out of the very basic needs of our endothermic natures.

The Science of How Slime Works

You know about slime. Youve either made it as a science project or blown the natural version out of your nose. Do you know what makes slime different from a regular liquid? Heres a look at the science of what slime is, how it forms, and its special properties. What Is Slime? Slime flows like a liquid, but unlike familiar liquids (e.g., oil, water), its ability to flow, or viscosity, is not constant. So its a fluid, but not a regular liquid. Scientists call a material that changes viscosity a non-Newtonian fluid. The technical explanation is that slime is a fluid that changes its ability to resist deformation according to shear or tensile stress. What this means is, when you pour slime or let it ooze through your fingers, it has a low viscosity and flows like a thick liquid. When you squeeze a non-Newtonian slime, like oobleck, or pound it with your fist, it feels hard, like a wet solid. This is because applying stress squeezes the particles in the slime together, making it hard for them to slide against each other. Most types of slime are also examples of polymers. Polymers are molecules made by linking together chains of subunits. Examples A natural form of slime is mucous, which consists mainly of water, the glycoprotein mucin, and salts. Water is the main ingredient in some types of human-made slime, too. The classic science project slime recipe mixes glue, borax, and water. Oobleck is a mixture of starch and water. Other types of slime are mainly oils rather than water. Examples include Silly Putty and electroactive slime. How It Works The specifics of how a type of slime works depends on its chemical composition, but the basic explanation is that chemicals are mixed to form polymers. The polymers act as a net, with molecules sliding against each other. For a specific example, consider the chemical reactions that produce classic glue-and-borax slime: Two solutions are combined to make classic slime. One is diluted school glue, or polyvinyl alcohol in water. The other solution is borax (Na2B4O7.10H2O) in water.Borax dissolves in water into sodium ions, Na, and tetraborate ions.The tetraborate ions react with water to produce the OH- ion and boric acid:B4O72-(aq) 7 H2O — 4 H3BO3(aq) 2 OH-(aq)Boric acid reacts with water to form borate ions:H3BO3(aq) 2 H2O — B(OH)4-(aq) H3O(aq)Hydrogen bonds form between the borate ion and the OH groups of the polyvinyl alcohol molecules from the glue, linking them together to form a new polymer: slime. The cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol traps a lot of water, so slime is wet. You can adjust the consistency of slime by controlling the ratio of glue to borax. If you have an excess of diluted glue compared with a borax solution, youll limit the number of cross-links that can form and get a more fluid slime. You can also adjust the recipe by limiting the amount of water that you use. For example, you could mix the borax solution directly with glue, producing a very stiff slime.

Why I am ready to be a Non Commissioned Officer Essay Free Essays

This impersonal definition defines in a few words what a NCO is ( Kautz. 2001 ) . To me this definition encompasses a whole batch more. We will write a custom essay sample on Why I am ready to be a Non Commissioned Officer? Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ever since my childhood. I showed leading qualities. As a child. I was more interested in taking my friends in a football game. during some competition or any type of competition alternatively of the humdrum of my scientific discipline. geometry and English linguistic communication books. My parents despaired but I come from a household where every kid is encouraged to happen their ain personal niche and tantrum into society through it. After some clip. even though I was a better than mean pupil started to believe that I would make good in a occupation where I could learn others by illustration and use both my encephalon and muscle. I proudly admit that I am a nationalist. The sight of the Washington Memorial and the White House. both important landmarks of our state have ne’er failed to convey cryings to my eyes ( Winkler. 1998 ) . I believe my state was won after great adversities by our sires and it is our responsibility as its citizens to look after it. And I believe because of both my innate leading qualities and my love for my great states. I am ready to be a Non-commissioned officer. I to the full understand the responsibilities associated with going a NONCOM as it is known in some circles. Non commissioned officers are frequently referred to as the anchor of the armed services and I understand the of import deduction of this definition ( Fisher. 2007 ) . I would hold to be the primary leader for the majority of the enlisted corps. This would intend full duty or what I consider waxy heads ( Salinas. 2008 ) . I pray I can learn them non merely by words but by my illustration. I would hold to be really careful with my each and every measure cognizing that any incorrect measure of mine can non take down my image in the heads of my juniors but besides put my country’s name to dishonor which is something. I being so loyal. may ne’er be able to populate with. I would besides be responsible for put to deathing military missions and developing military forces in order to fix them to put to death their missions. This to me seems an even bigger duty in visible radiation of the recent universe events and the menace to universe peace which many peaceable states face from a minority of extremists. I would hold to be argus-eyed in my responsibilities and seek to fix the male childs for what I know to be tough conditions for them the likes of which most of them can ne’er even conceive of. I will seek to transfuse in their heads that it is non a mere kid of an enemy that we face but a deadly enemy and it is our and or responsibility merely to protect the citizens of our state for them. I besides understand how delicate military missions can be and I will seek through my experience and surveies to do certain that non even one error takes topographic point or at least a error which can set the mission to hazard. I understand that I am besides to be a nexus between the majority of the enlisted forces and the officers in any military organisation. Messenger or concatenation functions as they seem to me are peculiarly really delicate because both of the parties can all of a sudden be at odds with each other over fiddling or apparently everyday issues. I will seek my best to transfuse in the military forces a sense of regard for their higher-ups and for the higher-ups to really care about the well being of their juniors. I have ever believed that the ground forces hierarchy has a certain beauty to it. Where else would we see an ordinary adult male move through different ranks such as Corporal. Sergeant. Staff-Sergeant. Sergeant First Class. Master Sergeant. First Sergeant. Sergeant Major. Command Sergeant Major and Sergeant Major of the Army. To most people. these stations may look really confounding but to me this represents a calling way ( Thompson. 2006 ) . To be an officer of any organisation. non merely the ground forces requires mammoth dedication. unexcelled accomplishments. good instruction and a crisp head. I believe I have all these regardless of my immature age and I am ready to turn out this to the universe. Mentions Kautz. A. ( 2001 ) . Service for Non-Commissioned Officers. Fisher. JR. ( 2007 ) . Guardians of the Republic. Thompson. ( 2006 ) . How Long Is the Night. Salinas. J. ( 2008 ) . All were Valiant Winkler. ( 1998 ) . Future Leader Development of Army Noncommissioned Officers How to cite Why I am ready to be a Non Commissioned Officer? Essay, Essay examples

The Role of Manager in Organizational Success @Tesco Free Solution

Question - Describe and Evaluate the role of a Manager in an organisation (Tesco PLC)? Answer - Introduction Manager plays a critical role in achieving organizational success. The major challenge of a manager is to provide creative solutions to the organizational issues for ensuring uninterrupted growth. This paper will focus on discussing various management theories and applying it to the real business organizations (Beardwell and Thompson, 2014). In this paper, the management of Tesco will be studied in order to analyze the roles of the manager in an organization. Background of the Organization Presently Tesco has been serving more than millions of customers per week through physical stores and online store. In 1997, Tesco had started its operations in Ireland by acquiring the retail operation of Associated British Food in Ireland. Tesco has been encountering significant growth in Ireland and it has become the leading grocery retailer in Ireland. Presently it has more than 146 stores in Ireland. Tesco Ireland has been significantly focusing on the commitment of purchasing the local for supporting the local suppliers of Ireland. It has been found that more than 11,000 local farms of Ireland are engaged in supplying its products to Tesco. Moreover, the non-organic and fresh milk sold in Tesco is supplied by the farms in Ireland. Fresh pork, lamb and beef re supplied by the Irish farmers in Tesco. Tesco has been significantly encouraging the small community farmers with the aid of Local Supplier Program. This program has been found to be helpful as it permits the local supplie rs for providing high quality products to the nearest Tesco outlets (Tesco plc, 2015). Aims and Objectives of the Assignment The major aims and objectives of the assignment are listed below: Analyzing the roles of manager in organization To discuss the relevant management theories by undertaking literature review Application of the theories in practical context for assessing its relevance Undertaking primary research for analyzing the role of manager in a particular organization Scope of the Study The scope of the study is limited to the four managerial functions in Tesco. It has been observed that the time is a major constraint for undertaking this assignment. Additionally, access to the information of Tesco is restricted. Methodology In this paper, research method has focused on collection of two types of data: primary and secondary. Secondary data are collected from books, journals and authentic websites for analyzing the existing theories and past researches. Primary research has been conducted for analyzing the validity of the management theories in real life. The managers of Tesco have been interviewed and for privacy purpose the names will not be disclosed in this paper. Research Findings Secondary Research The major responsibility of the manager is to think strategically and deliver creative solutions to the organizational problems in order to ensure successful achievement of the organizational vision and goals. The classical as well as modern theories of the management have segments the responsibilities of the manager in four major categories: planning, organizing, leading and controlling. The four functions of the managers are integrated for undertaking the organizational activities. This section will focus on delivering an overview of these four functions on the basis of the past researches, existing theories and management approaches. Planning Planning is consisted of setting different objectives and goals of the organization along with activities which will help in meeting those. The major responsibility of the manager is to consider the external as well as internal conditions for making effective decision and planning. Planning engages various steps such as analysis of the environment which helps in the identification of the critical and potential contingencies which can be encountered by the company in terms of its competitors and economic conditions (Beardwell and Thompson, 2014). Hence, the major activities of planning includes decision making regarding setting goals, forecasting, scheduling, resourcing, setting standards and developing the procedure for monitoring (Pinnington, Macklin and Campbell, 2007). Research scholars have identified three types of planning such as strategic planning, tactical planning and operational planning. Strategic Planning: Strategic planning is associated with the analysis of the threats as well as opportunities in the competitive environment along with the internal strength and weakness of the organization. Strategic planning is formulated for determining the long term activities of the company. The strategic planning of an organization is extensively reliant upon the vision and mission of the organization (McLoughlin and Aaker, 2010). Tactical Planning: Tactical planning is conducted for short term or less than three years. It has been designed for implementation of the strategic plan. Operational Planning: Operational planning of an organization is developed for determining the set of activities of the sub units of the organization in order to achieve the organizational goals. Operational plans are developed for short term which supports the tactical and the strategic plan (Morden, 2007). Organizing Organizing is considered to be one of the most important functions of management which is engaged in the development of the organizational structure that allows allocation of the human resource in order to accomplish the objectives. The structure of the company is a framework and the employees co-ordinate their effort within it. Organizational chart helps in representing the chain of command within the organization. Organizing function is also associated with designing the individual job responsibilities and makes decision regarding duties and targets. Initially the job designing function of the manager was based on the principles of the division of labor as well as specialization (Collings and Wood, 2009). Presently, various organizations have been attempting to establish equilibrium between the requirement for the specialization of the workers and the requirement for workers to have jobs which will entail autonomy as well as variety. Presently managers are focusing on the principle s of team work, job enrichment and empowerment. Organizing engages in determining how to departmentalize or cluster jobs into the departments for co-coordinating the effort effectively. There are various ways for departmentalizing which includes organizing in terms of product, functions, geography etc. Leading Leading is associated with the social as well as informal sources which will helps in influencing the activities of others. Research studies have indicated that the subordinates of the effective leaders will be highly motivated for exerting effort in order to achieve organizational goals. Behavioral scientists have significantly contributed in order to understand the major leading functions of management. Studies regarding personality as well as attitude towards job have provided significant information regarding functions of management. It has been found that understanding the personalities, attitudes values and emotions are important for becoming an effective leader (Kramar and Syed, 2012). Various motivation theories have provided significant information regarding the mechanisms which helps in energizing the workers and enhance productively. Contingency theory is associated with the selection of the appropriate style of leadership at different stages of maturity or the ability along with the willingness of the staffs. Controlling Controlling is associated with ensuring that the organizational performance aligns with the standard. Controlling functions start with establishment of the standard for performance. Therefore, comparison of the actual performance against standard will be undertaken (Katsioloudes and Katsioloudes, 2006). The next step will be associated with taking corrective measures according to the requirement. The standard of performance is expressed in various terms such as cost, revenue, bottom line, number of defective product, quality of customer service etc. Effective organizational control requires the necessity of a plan (Salaman, 2001). It has been observed that planning helps in providing efficient tools for setting standards. Additionally, the management needs a lucid idea regarding the responsibility for deviation from the pre-defined standards. Performance and budget audit are two popular and effective controlling mechanisms. The production and other operational activities of the organ ization are also controlled in order to ensure that those comply with the organizational policies. Primary Research Primary research was conducted for analyzing as well as evaluating the role of manager or the major four functions of the management in Tesco Plc in Ireland. In order to collect primary data, an appointment was fixed with an employee from the top management level and employee from mid-management level. The findings of the primary research have indicated that the major four functions discussed in the secondary research section are performed efficiently by the management of Tesco which has been helping the organization in the achievement of sustainable growth (Salaman, 2001). Planning: It has been found each activity of Tesco is pre-planned. For example, the top level manager of Tesco has stated that the management engages in the planning activity before designing as well as launching a new product in the market. It has been found that the top level management of Tesco is engaged in development of strategic plan. On the other hand, tactical planning and operational planning are undertaken by the mid level management and the departmental mangers respectively (Katsioloudes and Katsioloudes, 2006). Organizing: In Tesco, organizing has been found to be one of the most important functions of Tesco. In Tesco, organizing function is associated with the management of raw materials, human resource as well as fund. Human resource management of Tesco has been significantly focusing on promotion of fair practice so that the staff retention is high. The job description and targets are clearly communicated to the staffs so that the strategic plan can be implemented effectively in order to achieve the desired state (McLoughlin and Aaker, 2010). Leading: Leadership is the major factor for ensuring success of the organization. It has been observed that the effective leadership style has heed in motivating the large workforce and it has made the major contribution in the success story of the Tesco. According to the managers, the leaders have adopted a participative and democratic style of leadership. It focuses on inclusion of the all concerned people in the decision making process. However, it has been also stated that the organization has been focusing on the contingency theory and various managers are adopting the situational leadership styles which has helped in responding to the dynamic business environment (Shekhar Singh, 2012). Leaders in Tesco have introduced several financial as well as non-financial motivations for retaining the talent (Pinnington, Macklin and Campbell, 2007). Controlling: A sound controlling mechanism is needed for the achievement of organizational goals. The interview session with the managers of Tesco has helped in understanding that Tesco has been able to successfully establish a controlling system which has set the standard of organizational performance (Kramar and Syed, 2012). It has set a bench mark for its employees in terms of performance (Holden and Beardwell, 2001). The organizational activities are monitored by the management of Tesco in order to ensure the activities comply with the organizational policies (Katsioloudes and Katsioloudes, 2006). Data Analysis Analyzing the primary and secondary data, an insight regarding the major functions of the managers has been obtained. It has been found that Tesco has been effectively managing the functions of management in order to achieve the objectives of the organization. From the collected data, it can be implied that the Tesco is engaged into serious planning activities for managing the activities of the company. In each and every step, plan along with contingency plan are developed in order to direct the organization into the right pathway. Strategic planning is undertaken by the top management level in Tesco. Both the human resource and raw materials are effectively managed by the managers at Tesco (Beardwell and Thompson, 2014). The organizational structure has focused on effective communication so that the job roles and responsibilities are clearly conveyed to the staffs. Participative and democratic leadership styles are the two major factors which have leaded to organizational growth. Additionally, Tesco has focused on the contingency theory or situational leadership for responding to the dynamic environment. In order to control the organizational activities, Tesco has focused on setting standards for performance (Collings and Wood, 2009). Mor eover, it has established a controlling mechanism for ensuring all the activities are undertaken by complying with the organizational policy (Holden and Beardwell, 2001). Conclusion This paper has demonstrated that the major activities of a manger is planning, organizing, leading and controlling. It has been found that these functions proposed by the social scientists are right in the present business context. Tesco has been focusing in these four activities in order to achieve the organizational goals. References Beardwell, J. and Thompson, A. (2014).Human resource management. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. Collings, D. and Wood, G. (2009).Human resource management. London: Routledge. Holden, L. and Beardwell, I. (2001).Human resource management. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Katsioloudes, M. and Katsioloudes, M. (2006).Strategic management. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Kramar, R. and Syed, J. (2012).Human resource management in a global context. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. McLoughlin, D. and Aaker, D. (2010).Strategic market management. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Morden, T. (2007).Principles of strategic management. Aldershot, England: Ashgate. Pinnington, A., Macklin, R. and Campbell, T. (2007).Human resource management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Salaman, G. (2001).Understanding business. London: Routledge in association with the Open University. Shekhar Singh, A. (2012). Retailing in 21st Century: Current and Future Trends.Jnl of Product Brand Mgt, 21(3), pp.226-227. Tesco plc, (2015).Tesco plc.

Agricutural Reveloution essays

Agricutural Reveloution essays This video was about the development of mankind and how agriculture helped develop mankind. Agriculture and production of food began about 10,000 years ago. Hence, the world population could not have grown without the agricultural revolution. Without the development of agriculture, the modern and urban society would not have developed. Early man hunted fish, dug for nuts, and gathered crops. But today we take everything for granted. However, instead of gathering, men and woman cultivated the crops. The beginning of plants are connected to climatic change, however some people in Alaska, Africa, India still hunt for their food. Today's farmers are descendents of previous settlers but since we have the availability of products we take everything for granted. For example, foods from different parts of the world and especially canned foods. The early farmers would get the best grain and plant them, this was serial cultivation. The introduction of farming spread vastly, and then advanced into Europe. A variety of animals were domesticated in different parts of the world such as goats, sheep, donkey, pig, and horse. So the dimensions of humans completely changed, once agriculture began people were tied into their land. Agriculture made diversity as communities spread. The demand of agriculture called for greater cooperation. Overall, I thought this video was good. It explained how crops were cultivated and planted and once agriculture got started how people changed their ways. This video gave an accurate understanding of principles on cultivation. Personally, The Agricultural Revolution was an easy to understand and descriptive video. ...

1984 Themes, Symbols, and Literary Devices

'1984' Themes, Symbols, and Literary Devices Written at a time when dictatorships and totalitarian regimes were establishing a hold over much of the world despite the defeat of Hitler’s Nazis in World War II, in 1984 Orwell described what he saw as the inevitable outcome of any political movement that embraced authoritarianism and the cult of personality. Orwell was extremely frightened of political power being concentrated in a small number of individuals, correctly seeing it as a pathway to the loss of personal freedoms, and foresaw the technology that would make the erasure of those freedoms a simple task. Totalitarianism The most obvious and powerful theme of the novel is, of course, totalitarianism itself. A totalitarian state is one where there is only one political force legally permitted- all opposition to the state’s policies and actions is illegal, usually categorized as treason and met with violent retribution. This naturally stifles freedom of expression and makes change within the system impossible. In democratic societies, opposition groups can form political parties, express their ideas freely, and force the state to address concerns or be replaced. In a totalitarian society, this is impossible. Orwell’s Oceania goes further than even most existing totalitarian states. Where real-world authoritarian leaders seek to restrict information and control their populations in terms of their physical movements and spoken or written communication, Orwell’s government of the future seeks to inhibit thought itself and alter information at the source. Newspeak is a language invented by the state specifically to make independent thought literally impossible, and even Winston’s physical surroundings are designed to inhibit his freedoms, like the way his small apartment is dominated by the enormous two-way television screen, crowding him into a corner he incorrectly believes offers him some degree of privacy. That illusion is crucial to Orwell’s theme, as he strives to demonstrate that in a truly totalitarian society all freedom is in fact an illusion. Winston believes he finds ways to resist and meaningfully fight back against repression, all of which turn out to be gambits controlled by the state. Orwell argues that people who imagine they would heroically resist such a repressive regime are kidding themselves. Control of Information A crucial aspect of Oceania’s control over the citizenry is its manipulation of information. Workers at the Ministry of Truth actively adjust newspapers and books on a daily basis to match the ever-changing version of history that suits the purposes of the state. Without any kind of reliable source of facts, Winston and anyone who, like him, is dissatisfied or concerned about the state of the world, has only their vague feelings on which to base their resistance. More than simply a reference to Joseph Stalin’s practice of literally airbrushing people out of historical records, this is a chilling demonstration of how a lack of information and accurate data renders people powerless. Winston daydreams of a past that never actually existed and sees it as the goal of his rebellion, but since he lacks any real information, his rebellion is meaningless. Consider how he is tricked into overtly betraying the state by O’Brien. All the information Winston has about the Brotherhood and Emmanuel Goldstein is fed to him by the state itself. He has no idea if any of it is true- if the Brotherhood even exists, if there is even a man named Emmanuel Goldstein. Destruction of the Self Winston’s torture at the end of the novel is not simply punishment for his Thoughtcrimes and incompetent attempts to rebel; the purpose of the torture is to eradicate his sense of self. This is the ultimate goal of totalitarian regimes according to Orwell: A complete subservience to the goals, needs, and ideas of the state. The torture Winston undergoes is designed to destroy his individuality. In fact, every aspect of life in Oceania is designed to achieve this goal. Newspeak is designed to prevent negative thoughts or any thought that is not approved or generated by the state. The Two-Minutes Hate and the presence of Big Brother posters promote a sense of homogeneous community, and the presence of Thought Police- especially the children, who have been raised in the poisoned environment of the totalitarian state and who function as credulous and uncritical servants of its philosophy- prevents any sort of trust or true kinship. In fact, the Thought Police do not have to actually exist to achieve this goal. Simply the belief that they do is sufficient to inhibit any individual expression, with the ultimate result that the self is subsumed into Groupthink. Symbols Big Brother. The most powerful and recognizable symbol from the book- recognized even by people who have not read it- is the looming image of Big Brother on posters everywhere. The posters obviously symbolize the power and omniscience of the party, but they are only ominous to those who retain any kind of individual thought. For those fully assimilated into the party line, Big Brother is not an ironic term- he is seen as a protector, a kindly older sibling keeping them from harm, whether it be the threat of outside forces, or the threat of unmutual thoughts. Proles. Winston is obsessed with the lives of the proles, and fetishizes the red-armed prole woman as his main hope for the future, because she represents the potentially overwhelming power of numbers as well as a mother who will bear future generations of free children. It is notable that Winston’s best hope for the future takes the responsibility from his hands- he is not the one counted on to deliver this ill-defined future, it is up to the proles to rise up. And if they do not, the implication is that it is because they are dull and lazy. Telescreens. Another obvious symbol are the wall-sized televisions in every private space. This literal intrusion by the state is not a commentary on modern television, which did not exist in any meaningful way in 1948, but rather a symbol of the destructive and repressive power of technology. Orwell distrusted technology, and saw it as a grave danger to freedom. Literary Devices Limited Point of View. Orwell chooses to restrict our access to information by tying the narrative solely to Winston’s point of view. This is done specifically to keep the reader reliant on the information they are given, just as Winston is. This underscores the betrayal and shock that both feel when, for example, the Brotherhood is revealed to be fictional. Plain Language. 1984 is written in a very plain style, with few flourishes or unnecessary words. While many students take this to mean Orwell was a humorless man, or who simply lacked the ability to write in an exciting way, the fact is the opposite: Orwell had such control over his art he was able to match his writing style precisely to the mood and setting. The novel is written in a sparse, grim style that perfectly matches and evokes the grim, unhappy, and hopeless setting. The reader experiences the same dull, plodding sense of mere existence that Winston does.

Discussion 1 Week 6 "Comparing First-movers in Technology" Assignment

Discussion 1 Week 6 "Comparing First-movers in Technology" - Assignment Example 244). From the videos, it was evident that Intel’s development of the first microprocessor (Intel Free Press, 2011); while Microsoft’s software design enabled them to pioneer in this endeavor and assume a proactive stance in related technological developments (Microsoft, 2012). Moreover, Intel and Microsoft capitalized and reaped the following advantages: (1) captured the opportunity to â€Å"exploit network effects and positive feedback loops, locking consumers into its technology† (Hill & Jones, 2012, p. 244); (2) enabled establishment of brand loyalty; (3) generated substantial sales volume which eventually enabled economies of scale and learning effects; (4) enabled offering pricing strategies (switching costs); and (5) gained advanced knowledge on the pioneering experience (Hill & Jones, 2012). 2. From the first and second e-Activities, compare Intel’s and Microsoft’s strategies in terms of their ability to profit from innovation. Next, analyze the manner in which shifts in new technologies revolutionized the structure of the industry, increasing profitability and growth through global expansion. Provide a rationale to support your response. Intel’s strategies, when compared to Microsoft’s strategies in terms of abilities to profit from innovation were virtually on the same field. Through pioneering efforts, both Intel and Microsoft gained substantial market shares within their respective fields of endeavors. As such, the developed core competencies established significant competitive advantage that enabled them to retain leadership in these discoveries. Moreover, the manner in which shifts in new technologies revolutionized the structure of the industry, increasing profitability and growth through global expansion – more commonly known as technological paradigm shifts, affect both Intel and Microsoft. For example, cloud computing, which

Biography of Huey Long Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Biography of Huey Long - Essay Example This paper will discuss the biography of Huey Pierce Long and his career as a senator of Louisiana. Huey was born on 30th august 1893 at Winn parish in Winnfield, a small town at the north of the state (Collins and Smith 1). His father was Senior Huey Pierce Long (1852-1937), and a descendant of Tison William and Sarah Tison. Huey attended local schools at his young age, where he became a brilliant student. He was later expelled from school in 1908 after protesting against the 12th grade requirement for graduation. He had won a scholarship to Louisiana University, but did not afford textbooks to attend. He spent four years as a salesperson selling canned goods, books, patent medicine and as an auctioneer (Collins and Smith 2). In 1913, he got married to Rose McConnell, who was a stenographer. They got two sons Russel and Palmer and a daughter named Rose. During World War 1, the sales job became scarce and Long decided to attend Oklahoma Baptist University for seminary classes. He later joined the law school at Tulane University in New Orleans. Having studied law for one year at Tulane University, he took the state bar exam where he passed well and began private practice of law at Winnfield. He worked for 10 years representing plaintiffs against enormous businesses. He never took cases involving poor people. He became famous when he took on standard oil company for unacceptable business practices. He continued to challenge the company’s influence over the state politics and exploitation of the oil and gas deposits in the state (Boulard 49). At the age of 25, Long was appointed in Louisiana railroad commission in 1918 based on anti-standard oil company platform in 1918. He utilized the position at this commission to perfect his political career. He was a strong opponent of enormous utility and oil companies and fought against pipeline

The Weimar Republic of 1919 | Analysis

The Weimar Republic of 1919 | Analysis The Weimar Republic of 1919 characterised the struggle and failure to establish democracy in Germany following World War One. Despite possessing near-identical elements required to govern as successfully as the Federal Republic of 1945, the government was fragile and short-lived (Smith, 1991). Those in authority neglected to increase the power of the parliament or commit fully to the system, choosing instead to stumble along forming weak coalitions that did not stand the test of time (Conradt, 2009). Weimars constitutional weaknesses allowed Hitler to come to power and the dark reign of the Third Reich began in 1933. By contrast, post-WWII democracy was successfully implemented and maintained because the policy makers of the Basic Law ensured a politics of consensus dominated (Slagter and Loewenberg, 2009). Roberts (2009) further believes they were influenced by the material, political, and ethical legacy of the two world wars Germany was a part of. Germany was divided into the dem ocratic West and the communist East, before achieving unification in 1990. Despite the brief history given here, it is easily recognised that Germanys political history is a complex story of a country struggling to achieve a stable democracy in an unconventional way. The Federal Republic of 1949 distinguished itself from Weimar through its constitution and electoral/party system, which are key factors when explaining democracys success. This essay will specifically contrast the constitutions and electoral/party systems of Weimar and Bonn, as well as other factors such as the economy briefly, to explain why democracy succeeded after 1949. The Federal Republic demonstrated clear changes from Weimar, but also contained elements of continuity from the past both in its constitution and party system (Roberts, 2000). Both federal systems had similar institutions in place, such as the Constitutional Courts to resolve disputes, and the representation of 16 LÃ ¤nder (federal states) at a national level through the Bundesrat (federal Council). Their constitutions were quite advanced, with a Bill of Rights guaranteeing every German citizen the freedom of speech, religion and equality. Both governed through coalition parties; no party has been able to govern alone in Germanys history save one (Gordon, 1991). This demonstrates that permanently built into the system is the need for different political groups to reach out across the political chasm and co-operate in a politics of consensus. With such similarities, why did the Weimar government collapse a few years later? Pulzer (1994) believes that if it had been dealt a better dec k of cards, [the Weimar Republic] might have survived longer (1994, p. 4). The answer is also that it is institutions and everyday practices that promote stability in the system, and in Weimar, neither was stable. The Federal Republic distinguished itself from Weimar through the governing framework of its constitution. The Basic Law bolstered the parliamentary system by downgrading the president, who became a largely representative, indirectly elected head of state, and by enhancing the stature of the chancellor (Smith, 1991, p.48). This was a clear reaction to the dual executive in Weimars constitution which authorized the president to act autonomously of the Reichstag (Conradt, 2009). Although the president of the Weimar Republic was given more power to avoid political paralysis in the Reichstag, Article 48 allowed Hitler to come to power in the end. Hence the Basic Law made the presidential role more ceremonial than anything else. By using the failings of Weimar to measure the effectiveness of the present democracy, the policy makers of Bonn achieved to still fears of a second Hitler (Paterson, 2000). The constitution of 1949 also helped democracy by dispersing power from the centre of German authority. The Basic Law worked against centralised power, guaranteeing autonomy of responsibility to Germanys different regions, and thus preventing the rise of authoritarian rule (Paterson, 2000). In the Bonn Republic power was diffused to institutions, not the general population, despite the frequent invocation of the phrase Die Staatsgewalt geht vom Volke aus, [the government authority emanates from the people] the famous Article 1 of the Weimar constitution (Paterson, 2000, p.25). This diffusion of power ensures institutions must operate together during the decision-making process, thus promoting a democratic atmosphere. The Constitutional Court, for instance, exemplifies the separation of powers by upholding the Basic Law and defending civil liberties, in contrast to Weimar, whose court was easily subverted and unstable. It can be argued that such diffusion of power might negatively aff ect governing by creating too many agencies and actors. Alternatively, if one institution decides to create paralysis in the system, fragmentation could occur. However, the systems stability has not been greatly threatened. This is testament to Germanys constitutional strength and determination to uphold democratic rule (Paterson, 2000). The reforms to the party system after 1949 also aided in democracys success. Consensus among the political parties in the Bundestag (Federal Diet) ensured institutional stability after 1949 (Slagter and Loewenberg, 2009). In contrast, stable majorities could not be formed in Weimars Reichstag (parliament) due to the existence of proportional representation (Conradt, 2009). The republic was therefore a polarised pluralist system of numerous small parties, with no consensual decision-making taking place. The hyperinflation of 1923, for example, fuelled new political parties which the Reichstag was unable to socialise to its norms (Slagter and Loewenberg, 2009, p.470). Orderly parliamentary procedure disintegrated once the centre parties came under the assault of the radical extremists. By contrast, the success of post-WWII democracy can be explained through consensus promoting institutional stability, because this was absent in the Reichstag. After 1945, there was co-operative federali sm and consensual decision making among the political parties, especially with the issue of comparable living standards in all regions. Democracy also succeeded because of the modifications made to Germanys political/electoral system after 1949. In the Reichstag, consensus was neglected because radical groups pursued electoral votes, not caring that it lost them all effectiveness within the chamber as they contributed to its paralysis (Slagter and Loewenberg, 2009, p.471). After 1949, however, parliament developed into a moderate pluralist system. Parties could only enter with more than 5% of the national vote or 3 constituency seats without. New parties which entered the Bundestag were therefore socialised to the parliamentary customs (Slagter and Loewenberg, 2009).Through this measure, consensus dominated because it encouraged stable, moderate politics while discouraging extreme politics. This helped democracy succeed, because fewer parties meant more stability, the establishment of a co-operative opposition and prevention of anti-system parties (Paterson, 2000). Therefore, the electoral system, as with all other a spects of the system, encourages moderation and consensus. Other factors such as economic conditions after 1949 might also explain why democracy succeeded. With democracy stabilising around the 1950s, Germany also experienced full employment. This is vastly different to the economic and democratic situation in 1919, because the existence of a weak government with limited policy making skills meant there was no active labour policy and millions were unemployed (Schmidt, 1992). However, with Marshall Aid speeding Germanys economic recovery, the 1950s showed rapid progress both in terms of the economy and democratic governing. The German Model further developed the state after 1945, in contrast to poorly-developed welfare state of Weimar (Schmidt, 1992). Modell Deutschland, with the concept of the managed firm and co-determination, became renowned throughout the world (Smith, 2005). Products made in Germany demonstrated that it had become an economic force to be reckoned with, especially with its car industry. It can therefore be argued that un precedented economic stability after WWII also helped ensure democracys popularity. Another factor explaining democracys success after WWII emanates from the national and foreign policies Germany has implemented. This country presents a complex and layered picture which is revealed through the challenges it has dealt with in the past. Germany promoted itself as a responsible power and avoided an aggressive foreign policy so reminiscent of Hitler, choosing instead to join NATO and promote pro-European policies at the height of the Cold War (Glees, 1996). Chancellor Brandts policy of ostpolitik (Change through Rapprochement) exposed the conflict surrounding national identity following unification, where East Germans continued to feel like second class citizens in their own country (Wiesenthal, 1998). The 1970s saw the upsurge of the extreme Left, but despite these negative impacts, the structures of the German political and social systems remain strong. Therefore, Germanys promotion of European integration and the political culture of the time ensured democratic rule succeeded. In conclusion, it is clear that despite what some may see as an abnormal path taken by Germany towards normalisation, it seems to have worked (Smith, 2005). It is argued that the countrys first attempt at democracy failed due to a specific set of circumstances facing interwar Germany, coupled with defects in the Weimar constitution [] (Conradt, 2009, p.7). It can certainly be agreed on that important evolutions in the system to the constitution and party/electoral system, coupled with better economic and social conditions were vital in sustaining democracy after WWII (Smith, 1991). The Basic Law remains largely the same as in 1949, which is a testament to its success in founding and maintaining a democratic Germany. In addition, Germany also recognised a politics of consensus is a pre-requisite for federalism to work. Its decision to take this unconventional path and follow the federal political system with a consensus democracy demonstrates that sovereignty may not always be the a nswer; homogenising such a large country with different regions and practices would be impossible. It is institutional stability and every day practices, coupled with the politics of consensus, which established democracy successfully in Germany. Bibliography: Conradt, D. (2009). The German Polity. 9th ed. USA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Glees, A. (1996) Reinventing Germany: German political development since 1945. UK: Berg Paterson, W. E. (2000). From the Bonn to the Berlin republic. German Politics, 9(1), 23-40. Pulzer, P. (1994). Unified Germany: a normal state? German Politics, 3(1), 1-17. Roberts, G.K. (2009). German Politics Today. 2nd ed. UK: Manchester University Press. Slagter, T.H and Loewenberg, G. (2009). Path Dependence as an explanation of the institutional stability of the German Parliament. German Politics, 18(4), 469- 484. Schmidt, M. G. (1992). Political consequences of German unification. West European Politics, (15)4, 1-15. Smith, G. (1991). The resources of a German chancellor. West European Politics, 14(2), 48-61. Smith, M. P. (2005). Introduction From Modell Deutschland to Model Europa: Europe in Germany and Germany in Europe. German Politics, (14)3, 275-282. Wiesenthal, H. (1998). Post-unification dissatisfaction, or why are so many East Germans unhappy with the new political system? German Politics, 7(2), 1-30.

Caffeine Extraction from Tea Pre Lab Report Essay

Describe an alternative method for evaporation of the CH2Cl2 Can be steamed and then rinsed with ethyl acetate for several hours, and then rinsed with water, or can be soaked in a bath of CO2 and run through water, making carboxylic acid. (2) Caffeine: (4) Repeated exposure can produce general deterioration of health by an accumulation in one or many human organs. First Aid Measures: Eye contact – Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Cold water may be used. WARM water MUST be used. Get medical attention. Skin Contact – Immediately flush skin with plenty of water. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get medical attention. Serious Skin Contact – Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated skin with an anti-bacterial cream. Seek immediate medical attention. Inhalation – remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical attention. Serious Inhalation – Evacuate the victim to a safe area as soon as possible. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. Seek medical attention. Ingestion – do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. Get medical attention immediately. Dichloromethane: (5) Causes eye and skin irritation, respiratory tract irritation. Harmful if swallowed and possibly if inhaled. May cause central nervous system effects, and kidney damage. First Aid measure:  Eyes – immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Get medical aid. Skin – flush skin with plenty of water. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical aid if irritation develops and persists. Wash clothing before reuse. Ingestion – If swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical aid. Inhalation – remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult,  give oxygen. Get medical aid. 6. A rotary evaporator (rotovap) is typically used in chemistry for the removal of solvent from samples by the process of evaporation. Can also be used in molecular cooking for the preparation of distillates and extr acts. How the rotovap works, is it increases the rate of evaporation of the solvent by reducing the pressure to lower the boiling point of the solvent, rotating the sample to increase the effective surface area and heating the solution. (6)   When performing a liquid-liquid extraction, the separatory funnel should be (c) 3/4 full. List two things you should do before pouring liquid into a separatory funnel: be sure the stopcock is in the closed position  be sure the stopcock is sideways tight.  Dichloromethane will be the bottom layer, since it has a higher density than the aqueous solution. The stopper must be removed from the sep funnel when liquid is being drained from it through the stopcock, so that air can flow in through the top while the liquid is flowing out the bottom. References 1. Chem Spider. 2011. Caffeine. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2424.html. [Accessed 07 October 14]. 2. Beverage Answers. 2014. Decaffienated Tea – How is Decaf Tea Made. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.beverageanswers.com/tea/decaf-tea.html. [Accessed 07 October 14]. 3. The Modern Embalmer. 2012. CALL OF THE WILD: TAXIDERMY TANNIC ACID/TANNINS IN EMBALMING. A DEAD-END ROAD TO FORMALDEHYDE-FREE CHEMICALS.. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.themodernembalmer.com/tannin.html. [Accessed 07 October 14]. 4. Science Lab. 2013. Material Safety Data Sheet Caffeine MSDS. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927475. [Accessed 07 October 14]. 5.Science Lab. 2013. Material Safety Data Sheet Dichloromethane MSDS. [ONLINE] Available at: http://wcam.engr.wisc.edu/Public/Safety/MSDS/Dichloromethane.pdf. [Accessed 07 October 14]. 6. Chem.UCalgary. 2014. Organic Laboratory Techniques. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.chem.ucalg ary.ca/courses/351/laboratory/rotavap.pdf. [Accessed 07 October 14].

Ethnology and Ethnography

Word Count: Dana Trippe Anthropology Essay #2 10/1/2012 There are two major approaches to collecting information about human culture: ethnography and ethnology. Each approach has a specific goal. Each approach employs a variety of methods for data collection and analysis, all of which carry benefits but also challenges. Along with the challenges of data collection, field anthropologists face an additional set of logistical, emotional, and ethical obstacles. Anthropology is a difficult field but provides an important perspective on cultural diversity.Ethnography and Ethnology both attempt at reaching certain goals. Ethnography is a written description of a culture based on data gathered from fieldwork, characterized by two methods, participant observation and interviews. When an anthropologist is researching through participant observation, they are attempting to study a culture while still trying to maintain the eye of an objective observer. Another form of getting data for ethnograp hy is through interviews. Through interviews, either formal or informal, the anthropologist is attempting to gather and collect notable data.Formal interviews are more scripted and reduce the situational bias the anthropologists may experience. Informal interviews are more open ended questions that allow the informant to talk about what they think is more important in their culture. These interviews can help paint a more actual description of culture of what their beliefs and lifestyles are, instead of an â€Å"ideal culture†. Sterk stated that the interviewer becomes much more involved in the interview when conversations are in-depth, more than when a structured questionnaire is being used (Sterk 2000: 27).Compared to ethnography, the study of single groups through direct contact with the culture, ethnology takes the research that ethnographers have compiled and then compares and contrasts different cultures. Ethnology is the comparative study of cultures with the aim of pre senting analytical generalizations about human culture. Anthropologists do not rely on data from just one study to make interpretive statements about human conditions (Lenkeit: 16). Ethnology also uses forms of quantification, to help make their data easily comparable, and recordable. Ethnography employs two methods of research, articipant observation and interviews. . This method can give an accurate view of the culture from an insider’s perspective. To truly discover the bits and pieces of a culture, subculture, or micro culture, one must commit to spending extensive time in that cultural environment (Lenkeit: 13). In the field, anthropologists can also deal with daily challenges. These challenges can include food problems, safety and health issues, , culture shock, and are also very prone to catching diseases (Lenkeit 2012: 56). Napoleon Chagnon endured an incident with his health while doing fieldwork with the Yonomamo people of Southern Venezuela.Chagnon recounted that h e reacted violently to something in the field, and red welts appeared all over his body. He was weak, nauseated, thirsty, and couldn’t breathe well. The pain was rough but it can be something most anthropologists will experience in the field. † (Chagnon 1974: 174) In American culture, privacy is something people expect to have, and may even take for granted. Martha Ward reported her work with the people of Pohnpeian as a constant challenge. She said that privacy is a bad word in Pohnpeian, but she craved privacy like a physical ache and lusted to be alone (Lenkeit 2012: 56).Chagnon also yearned for privacy while in the field. He said the hardest thing to learn to live with was the incessant and often aggressive demands and threats they would make. Chagnon recounted that day and night for almost the entire time he lived with the Yanomamo, he was plagued by such demands as: ‘If you don’t take me with you on your next trip to Widokaiyateri, I’ll chop a hole in your canoe! ’ and ‘Give me an ax or I’ll break into your hut when you are away and steal all of them! ’ he was bombarded by such demands day after day, until he could not bear to see a Yanomamo at times (Chagnon 1968: 5).It can be very challenging to become adjusted to the cultures lifestyle, where these constant problems occur. Ethnographers also conduct their research through interviews. Interviews are a direct way to gather information, but sometimes they can be faulty. Informal and formal interviews can both come with benefits. They both give in-depth information about the subjects lives, coming directly from the subject. But, there are cases where the informant will give false information, idealize their lives, and simply not want to cooperate. Chagnon used interviews to record genealogical lines of the Yanomamo people.When Chagnon attempted to record all of the names and family lines of the Yanomamo people, they would give false information. They have very stringent name taboos and eschew mentioning the names of prominent living people as well as all deceased friends and relatives. The Yanomamo did not have much entertainment in their lives, so they took any chance they could get to mess around with the â€Å"white man† and get entertainment from it. Each ‘informant’ would try to outdo his peers by inventing a name even more preposterous than what Chagnon had been given by someone earlier. Chagnon 1968: 6) Also, it can be hard to construct interviews when there are language barriers, such as language. Chagnon did not know what language the Yanomamo spoke, because he was the first civilized white man to come into their village. Chagnon had to go back to his years of childhood, where language had to be slowly and carefully learned. It took him a long time to finally understand the language, but after, he could get descriptive information from the villagers about their history and culture (Video). Ethno logy includes methodological approaches of making comparisons and quantifications.Comparisons can help the anthropologist compare current and previously recorded data. They can see differences across different cultures, and changes that have occurred over time within a culture. Comparisons are commonly made within one culture. Sterk found that there were vast differences between the prostitutes living on the streets, and those living in crack houses. Those who lived in crack houses were less likely to give informal interviews because they always had their pimp looking over their shoulder. Also she made comparisons on when the women made their customers wear condoms.They would make their decisions depending on the different types of partners, types of sex acts, and social context. (Sterk 2000: 26). Another form of comparisons is across two different cultures. When Laura Bohannon was doing fieldwork with the Tiv of West Africa she found that the village was formed around story telling . They wanted to hear a story of hers so she went on to tell the story of Hamlet, and could instantly pick up on differences in their cultures. When Bohannon told them that Hamlet was sad his mother had married so quickly, and had not waited the two year mourning period.The villagers objected â€Å"two years is too long! Who will hoe your farms for you while you have no husband? † and when she said Hamlet talked to his dead father, they screamed â€Å"Omens cannot speak! † The villagers changed the story to their liking, so that it would fit their standards better (Bohannon 1966: 2). Cultures all are unique and have different standards that go hand in hand with them. Other comparisons are ones that can be made over time, which can also be the faultiest data. When Margaret Meade went to Samoa for fieldwork in the 1930's, she collected data that the girls in Samoa were quite promiscuous.When Anthropologist, Derrick Freeman, went to Samoa to update the data in the 1970's he reported that the girls were actually very shy and not promiscuous. Comparisons can lead to misleading data, because a culture may have changed drastically over a certain period of time. This comparison is variable because the definition of â€Å"promiscuous† could have changed over that many years and even the Samoan standards could have changed. (Lecture 9/10/12) The other ethnological method is that of quantification. Quantification is the anthropologist translating their studies into numerical or quantitative data.Humans can see information quantified every day, from the daily weather reports, to political poles. (Lecture 9/10/12) Numerical data gives good magnitude and is easy to compare. Usually to collect this data they use samples. They can use a random sample that tries to eliminate bias by giving everyone an equal chance to get interviewed. Samples can usually be very faulty, for the reason that sample sizes are usually not big enough, and to not represent enough people or information to make an accurate assessment of a culture.This data gives people a better understanding of data but can sometimes be manipulated and misleading (Lenkeit: 64). Ethnology and Ethnography can each come with their own sets of logistical, emotional, and ethical obstacles. These issues usually appear when the anthropologist is in direct contact with their research and subjects. Numerous ethical and moral issues appear when the anthropologist is in the field of participant observation and it can be hard for them to stay objective. Anthropologists prepare themselves for these challenges with resources like the American Anthropologist Association.Because Anthropologists can find themselves in complex situations and are subject to more than one code of ethics, the AAA code of ethics provides a framework, not an iron clad formula, for making decisions. (Lenkeit: 50) Claire Sterk was doing fieldwork with a group of prostitutes in the New York area, where she came across these kind of decisions. The women would repeatedly refuse to make the men they slept with to wear condoms, even though the risk of HIV and AIDS was huge in their lives. She as concerned for them, but also could not get too involved in fear of insulting the women. There is an ethical line for anthropologists that can often become blurry. (Sterk 2000:26) With these methods, there is the challenge of ethnocentrism, because if an anthropologist thinks that their culture is the center of the world, they will not be able to comprehend other cultures in an objective way, and instead think of them as primitive beings that are not living the right way. Anthropologists must remember to enter their fieldwork using the perspective of cultural relativism.Cultural relativism is the idea that and aspect of a culture must be viewed and evaluated within the context of that culture. In cultures like the Massai, where female circumcision is regarded from a different perspective by the rest of the wo rld, people must use cultural relativism to understand their practices. According to their traditions and practices, it is meant to have a positive rather than a negative effect on the girl. It is supposed to reduce a woman’s desire for sex and reduce immorality. Another thing is that traditionally, it is a rite of passage.It marks the end of childhood and the beginning of adulthood. The fact that their practices are much different than those of more developed cultures shouldn’t lead to them being seen harshly or as less intelligent. (Olekina 2006) With this perspective anthropologists can more objectively describe a cultural system and all of the customs, beliefs, and activities, that fit into it. This approach leads to a greater awareness, tolerance, and acceptance of the culture the anthropologist is studying. (Lenkeit 2012:17) Anthropologists collect most of their data through ethnology and ethnography.They must overcome the obstacles in order to get to the goals t hat Ethnography and Ethnology try to reach. When doing fieldwork, moral and ethical issues can plague anthropologist’s research, and they learn to adapt to these issues in order to gather necessary data, observation, interviews, comparisons, and quantification all have their own ways of deriving information. Each method has its faults, and can be misleading, but all anthropological methods attempt to unravel all of the bits and pieces that make a culture what it is.

Science Unit Conversion Humor

This is a list of funny, made-up scientific unit conversions. If you need help with real unit conversions, check out our collection of printable conversion worksheets and examples of worked unit conversion problems. 453.6 graham crackers 1 pound cakeExplanation: There are 453.6 grams in 1 pound.Ratio of an igloos circumference to its diameter Eskimo PiExplanation: Pi is the ratio of a circles circumference to diameter, while there is a stereotype that Eskimos dwell in igloos.2000 pounds of Chinese soup Won tonExplanation: A wonton is a type of Chinese dumpling. There are 2000 pounds in 1 ton.Time between slipping on a peel and smacking the pavement 1 bananosecondExplanation: Instead of expressing the unit in terms of nanoseconds, its bananoseconds because a banana caused the fall.1 millionth of a mouthwash 1 microscopeExplanation: This refers to the popular mouthwash, Scope. The metric prefix micro means one millionth.1 million bicycles 1 megacyclesExplanation: The metric prefix mega means 106 or one million.Weight an evangelist carries with God 1 billigramExplanation: This refers to the American evangelist Billy Graham.Time it takes to sail 220 yards at 1 nautical mile per hour Knotfurl ong365.25 days of drinking low-calorie beer 1 Lite year16.5 feet in the Twilight Zone 1 Rod SerlingExplanation: The rod is a unit of length equal to 16.5 feet. Rod Serling is the American tv producer, screenwriter, and narrator responsible for The Twilight Zone.Basic unit of laryngitis - 1 hoarsepowerExplanation: One symptom of laryngitis is hoarseness.Shortest distance between two jokes - a straight lineExplanation: To deliver a joke as a straight line means its a short joke delivered with a straight face (like its not a joke at all).1 million microphones 1 megaphone365.25 days 1 unicycleExplanation: 365.25 days is one year or one cycle of the Earth around the Sun. Its especially clever because unicycle has another meaning. Its a bike with one wheel.Half a large intestine 1 semicolonExplanation: the large intestine is also called the colon. Since its only half a colon, its a semicolon, much like half a circle is a semicircle.2000 mockingbirds two kilomockingbirdsExplanation: To Kill a Mockingbird is a famous novel by author Harper Lee published in 1960. The kilo is the prefix for a thousand. So, 2000 is two kilo.10 cards 1 decacardExplanation: Deca is the prefix for 10.52 cards 1 deckacardExplanation. There are 52 cards in a deck of playing cards.1,000,000 aches 1 megahurtzExplanation: There are one million (106) hertz in 1 megahertz. This is a play on words, substituting hurtz (like pain, but with a z) for hertz.1 millionth of a fish 1 microficheExplanation: The word microfiche is pronounced like micro-fish. The prefix micro means one millionth.2.4 statute miles of intravenous surgical tubing at Yale University Hospital 1 I.V. LeagueExplanation: Intravenous tubing is also called IV tubing. Yale is one of the Ivy League school, plus 2.4 statute miles is a length equal to 1 league.1 kilogram of falling figs 1 fig newtonExplanation: The newton is a unit force, which is mass under acceleration (such as youd get from falling figs). This play on words refers to the Nabisco cookie, the fig newton.1000 grams of wet socks 1 literhosenExplanation: Lederhosen are short breeches (not actually socks). There are 1000 grams of water (more or less) in one liter. The liter is a unit of volume used for liquids, so wet socks are literhosen.1 trillion pins 1 terrapinExplanation: The prefix terra means a trillion.10 rations 1 decarationExplanation: The prefix deca means 10.100 rations 1 C-rationExplanation: C is the Roman numeral for 100.2 monograms 1 diagramExplanation: Mono is the prefix for one, while dia means two.2 new dimes new paradigmsExplanation: Two dimes is a pair of dimes. A paradigm is a model or pattern. More Science Fun and Humor Looking for more science fun? Check out this collection of molecules with strange names, learn how to make a stink bomb, or trick your friends with disappearing ink.